Rumintang H.Hitler

Sabtu, 04 Juni 2016

Kamis, 19 Mei 2016

Semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic expressions. The language can be a natural language, such as English or Navajo, or an artificial language, like a computer programming language. Meaning in natural languages is mainly studied by linguists. In fact, semantics is one of the main branches of contemporary linguistics. Theoretical computer scientists and logicians think about artificial languages. In some areas of computer science, these divisions are crossed. In machine translation, for instance, computer scientists may want to relate natural language texts to abstract representations of their meanings; to do this, they have to design artificial languages for representing meanings.

Semantic relationships between words

Modern studies of semantics are interested in meaning primarily in terms of word and sentence relationships. Let's examine some semantic relationships between words:

Synonyms

are words with similar meanings. They are listed in a special type of dictionary called a thesaurus. A regular dictionary lists words according to form, usually in alphabetical order; a thesaurus lists words according to meaning. Synonyms usually differ in at least one semantic feature. Sometimes the feature is objective (denotative), referring to some actual, real world difference in the referents: walk, lumber, stroll, meander, lurch, stagger, stride, mince. Sometimes the feature is subjective (connotative), referring to how the speaker feels about the referent rather than any real difference in the referent itself: die, pass away, give up the ghost, kick the bucket, croak. There tend to be very few absolute synonyms in a language. Example: sofa and couch are nearly complete synonyms, yet they differ in their collocability in at least one way: one may say couch potato, but not *sofa potato.
      One type of synonym is called a paronym. Paronyms are words with associated meanings which also have great similarities in form: proscribe/ prescribe, industrial/ industrious, except/accept, affect/effect. Many errors in speech and writing are due to mixups involving paronyms.

Antonyms

are words that have the opposite meaning. Oppositeness is a logical category

Rabu, 11 Mei 2016

Selasa, 03 Mei 2016

lexcicology

Lexcicology

The terminologi “lexis” refers to the vocabluary(words with the mening)

Lesikologi atau ilmu kosakata adalah ilmu yang membahas tentang koSakata dan maknanya dalam sebuah bahasa

Lexcicology refres to the study of the vocabulary of a language and the devlopment of its lexicon.

A few terms that are of importence in lexicology should be examined here.

Lexical Decomposition

The first of these is lexical decompositio. Lexical decomposition is a, means of characterizing the detail lexical features of a word. For example taking the words “kitten” , “puppy” and “fawn” , we can see. Some commonality them. The following features :

Kitten – young, four legged, animate, and living.

Puppy – young, four legged, animate, living.

Fawn –l young, four legged, animate, living
.

If we add “chicken” or “baby” to ths set, the composition will be :

Chicken – young, two lagged, animate, living.

Baby – young, two lagged, human, living.

Thus we can tabulate such decomposition as:

Kitten puppy fawn chicken baby

Young + + + + +

Living + + + + +

Animate + + + + -

Human - - - - +

Four lagged + + + - -
Two lagged - - - + +

Where (+) means the presence of the characteristic and (-) means the absence of the characteristic.

Collocation

Another feature thar is important in the field of word meaning is collocation. Collocation refers to the co-occurrence possibility or compatibility of a word with a orther words. This feature is spoken of in syntagmatic terms- i.e. sentence ordering terms, as well as formall terms (meaning compatibility). For example :
“black” colloates well with “black” board and “black” bird. Homever, the collocation of “black” , “black” mail and “black” mark are slightly different from the fis three. Likewise, other examples of the colour terms as in.

· “ red” wine and “red” dress compared to “red” herring,” “red” letter and army.

Where meaning compatibility os concerned (lexical collocation) , a sentence such as, “they baked all the letters and served them for tea” is not semantically sound as we know that “baked” does not go well with “ letters”. Thus although the sentence is absolutely grammatical, it does not collocate correctly for meaning . in the sentence , “they baked all the cakes and served them for tea,” “cakes and baked” do collocate well ( they are semantically agreeable).

Denotation and connotation

Denotation refers to the strich defention of a word, the class of thing denoted by a word. It is referential or dictionary meaning of a lexcical item

present perfect continuous tense

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

(Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Sekarang)

Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau atau masih berlansung hingga sekarang.

S + have + been + Verb bentuk I + (ing) + .....

RUMUS

Affirmtive (+)	Negative (-)	Interrogative (?)
S have + been + VI (ing) I + have + been + VI (ing) We + have + been + VI (ing) They + have + been + VI (Ing) You + have + been + VI (ing) She + has + been +VI (ing) He + has + been + VI (ing) It + has +been+ VI (ing)	S + have + not + been + VI (ing) I + have + not + been + VI (ing) We + hve +not + been + VI (ing) They + haven't + been VI (ing) You + have + not + been + VI (ing) She + has + not + been +VI (ing) He +has + not + been + VI (ing) It + has + not + been + VI (ing)	Have + S +been + VI (ing) Have + I + been VI (ing) Have + We + been + VI (ing) Have + they + been +VI (ing) Have + you + been + VI (ing) Has + she + been +VI (ing) Has+ He + been + VI (ing) Has + it +been + VI (ing)