The result of the review from 4 journal

1.Ratna Sari

 “Semantic Field, Semantic Relation and Semantic Component”

Orji Ukpabi from academia.edu.

          Semantic field is a set of words or lexemes related in meaning; also called lexical field, field, or field of meaning. Most often, fields are defined by subject matter, such as body parts, landforms, diseases, colours, foods, or kinship relations.

Semantic Relations

Semantic relations or meaning relations are words that are semantically related to other words.

There are lexical groups or components that made up semantic relation :

Synonym

Synonyms usually differ in at least one semantic feature.  Sometimes the feature is:

     a.objective (denotative), referring to some actual, real world difference in the referents;   example: walk, lumber, stroll, meander, lurch, stagger, stride, mince. 

     b.subjective (connotative), referring to how the speaker feels about the referent rather than any real difference in the referent itself; example:  die, pass away, give up the ghost, kick the bucket, croak.

    Antonyms

This sub-field give us definition and so many example about There are three categories of antonyms:

     a.       Graded antonyms

b.      Complementary antonyms

c.       Relational antonyms

       Polysemy

This is a meaning relation whereby a single lexical item has several (apparaently) related

meanings.

Antagonymy

      Homonymy

     A Homonym is a word that is written and pronounced the same way as another, but which has a different meaning.

     Hyponymy/hypernymy

Hyponymy is a relation between two words in which the meaning of one of the words includes the meaning of the other word.  Examples are : apple- fruit ; car- vehicles ; chair- furniture ; cow - animal.

2.Desi Nori Sahputri

Theoris of Semantics Merits and Limitat”

         

Saleh Mustafa Ramadan Al-Zaytoonah Private University of Jordan Amman, Jordan

Taleb I. Ababneh Irbid National University-Jordan Irbid, Jordan

          Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and, since meaning is a part of  language, semantics is a part of linguistics.

The Referential Theory of Meaning

a. Meaning as the Relationship between Words and Objects

Greek philosophers say  that there is a relationship between words and objects. In other words, the best way of indicating the meaning of a word is to refer to the object represented by that word. In their points of view, the best definition of the meaning of a word is its ostens ive  definition: defining an object by pointing to that object.

b. Meaning as a Triangular Relationship

The symbol is the spoken or written word; the reference is the information that the spoken or written shape of the word conveys to the reader/ hearer; and the referent is the thing or the object we talk about.

c. Bloomfield’s View of Meaning

Bloomfield (1933) stated that the context of situation was an essential part of meaning.He defined the meaning of a linguistic form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer. Palmer(1981) used reference in the sense of non linguistic  world of objects and experiences.

The Non–Referential Theory of Meaning

Bridge (1927: 6) states that “the proper definition of a concept is not in terms of its properties,but in terms of actual operations”. For him a concept is nothing more than a set of operations. If the concept is physical as of length; the operations are actual physical operations,namely,those by which length is measured: or if the concept is mental, as of mathematical continuity, the operations are mental operations, namely those by which we determine whether a given aggregate of magnitude is continuous.

The Generative Grammarian Theory

A. Interpretive Semantic Theory

B. Generative Semantic Theory

Interpretative Semantics versus Generative Semantics

For linguists, the deep structure, is the underlying network of syntactic relations. For generative semanticists, the deep structure is not “deep” enough. This approach  wants the deep structure of a sentence to be so deep to be identical with its semantic representation.

The strengthness of this journal is this journal explain the complete theory with the word choice that simple and this journal give conclusion in the end of journal.

          The weakness of this journal is The are some example that make the reader confuse.

3.Nabila Firda Asy’ari

 “Semantics and theories of semantics”

          This is review of journal,the title is Semantics and theories of semantics by Abbas Bukhari,uploaded by Zain Ez+1 at academia.edu. There is 15 pages in this journal.

          Semantics is the study of meaning in language. We know that language is used to express meanings which can be understood by others.

Difficulties in the Study of Meaning

The problem of ‘meaning’ is quite difficult; it is because of its toughness that some linguists went on to the extent of excluding semantics from linguistics.

Taking up some of the above definitions of meaning, we can discuss the different aspects of meaning o a word as follows:

The logical or denotative meaning. This is the literal meaning of a word indicating the idea or concept to which it refers. concept is a minimal unit of  meaning which could be called a ‘sememe’.

The connotative meaning. This is the additional meaning that a concept carries. It is defined as ‘the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to over and above its purely conceptual content’ (Leech, 1981)

The social meaning: This is the meaning that a word or a phrase conveys about the circumstances of its use.

The thematic meaning: This is the meaning which is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organises the message in terms of ordering, focus and emphasis.

          The strengthness this journal is the language that use in this journal easy to understand.And the weakness from this journal is the text in this jurnal terlalu monoton and make the reader be bored.

Conclusion

In this journal explain the theory well although the text is monoton and make the reader be bored.

4.Susi Lestari

     “Frame semantics a brief introduction”

          Gavagna Aarhus University 2013 at academia.edu. There is 14 pages in this journal.

Frame semantics, as described by Charles J. Fillmore, is a research program in empirical semantics that analyses words’ meanings “emphasizing the continuities, rather than the discontinuities, between language and experience”(Fillmore, 1982).

according to necessity one will use some of the words of the frame to highlight elements of the frame that needs to be focus of attention. Other elements (or arguments) will be backgrounded. So for example I can focus on the buyer and the goods saying:

1)  John bought the car

Or I can background the buyer and the goods and say:

2)  Susan charged 10.000€

Foregrounding the Seller and the Money. Although the central event is the same:

3) A car is bought for 10.000€by John from Susan.

Fillmore argues that verbs, e.g. buy, sell, charge, are characterized by their valence.This is the argument structure that is required by the verb, and the situational roles that the arguments assume due to this structure. Some elements are necessary for the sentence not to be ungrammatical, these are said the participant roles. The valence of buy is typically ‘divalent’ that is that it requires at least two arguments. But these are not necessarily the same arguments, example one foregrounds the buyer and the goods but example three highlights the goods and the money.

         

Conclusion : Conclusion

The researcher has discussed the main principles of three well–known theories of meaning, namely the referential theory to meaning, the non–referential theory to meaning and the generative grammarian theory to meaning. None of them is complete; each of them has strengths and weaknesses. It is hoped that students can benefit from this study by forming some background about meaning and how it operates since it is a complex concept and not to be taken for granted.